Alzheimers Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1414 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? Alzheimers disease(AD) is a neuropsychological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. AD is the number one cause of Dementia. Symptoms of this disease begin slowly and get worse over time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alzheimers Disease" essay for you Create order There has been a major rise in the cases of dementia over the past decade and cases are expected to double by 2050. There is no current evidence supported treatments yet, because there is no found way to reverse the death of brain cells. There are currently no disease-modifying drugs available for AD, but some options may reduce the symptoms and help improve quality of life. Therapeutic interventions are available to make it easier for people to live with the disease. Introduction/Background Alzheimers disease was first discovered in 1906 by Doctor Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer had a patient that was brought in to the hospital because of personality change, memory loss, behavioral changes, and inability to comprehend simple things. Dr. Alzheimer saw the patient for a few years until her death in 1906. Dr. Alzheimer performed an autopsy on the patient, where he discovered important factors of the brain that are still used today. Dr. Alzheimer found a number of pathological conditions, including shrinking of the cortex and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. With that information he diagnosed the patient with senile dementia a serious disease of the cerebral cortex, which is known today as Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease is now classified as a degenerative disease characterized by the death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain. The most obvious symptom of AD is memory loss. Usually those who develop the disease are over 65 years ol d. DSM-V Classification of Alzheimers Disease In the DSM-V Alzheimers Disease is classified as a neurocognitive disorder. Neurocognitive disorders are classified to begin with delirium, followed by the syndromes of major neurocognitive disorders, mild neurocognitive disorders, and their etiological subtypes. In these neurocognitive disorders, the impaired cognition was never present until the symptoms appear. The DSM V diagnostic criteria for Alzheimers is as follows: A. The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder, B. There is insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, C. Criteria is met for either probable or possible Alzheimers disease is met. The DSM V also states Beyond the neurocognitive disorder (NCD) syndrome (Criterion A), the core features of major or mild NCD due to Alzheimers disease include an insidious onset and gradual progression of cognitive and behavioral symptoms (Criterion B). The typical presentation is amnestic (i.e., with impairment in memory and learning). Unusual nonamnestic presentations, particularly visuospatial and logopenic aphasie variants, also exist. At the mild NCD phase, Alzheimers disease manifests typically with impairment in memory and learning, sometimes accompanied by deficits in executive function. At the major NCD phase, visuoconstructional/perceptual motor ability and language will also be impaired, particularly when the NCD is moderate to severe. Social cognition tends to be preserved until late in the course of the disease. A level of diagnostic certainty must be specified denoting Alzheimers disease as the probable or possible etiology (Criterion C). Probable Alzheimers disease is diagnosed in both major and mild NCD if there is evidence of a causative Alzheimers disease gene, either from genetic testing or from an autosomal dominant family history coupled with autopsy confirmation or a genetic test in an affected family member. For major NCD, a typical clinical picture, without extended plateaus o r evidence of mixed etiology, can also be diagnosed as due to probable Alzheimers disease. For mild NCD, given the lesser degree of certainty that the deficits will progress, these features are only sufficient for a possible Alzheimers etiology. If the etiology appears mixed, mild NCD due to multiple etiologies should be diagnosed. In any case, for both mild and major NCD due to Alzheimers disease, the clinical features must not suggest another primary etiology for the NCD (Criterion D). Brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimers Disease While developing Alzheimers Disease connections are destroyed between the cells in the brain, as the cells die in the cortex, it begins to shrink. The hippocampus is located in the cortex which is responsible for new memories being formed. Because of this damage to the cortex the symptoms of loss of memory, intelligence, judgment, and behavior begin to appear. When looking at the brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimers disease we first look at the what occurs in the brain when developing AD. The main pathological features found in the autopsies of AD brain are neuritic plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss. Alzheimers disease begins with destroying neurons and their connections in parts of the brain involved in memory, including the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. It later affects areas in the cerebral cortex responsible for language, reasoning, and social behavior. Eventually, many other areas of the brain are damaged. Over time, a person wit h Alzheimers gradually loses his or her ability to live and function independently. Alzheimers disease is fatal. Most brain changes are not detectable until after death, and an autopsy is able to be performed. Many molecular and cellular changes take place in the brain of a person with Alzheimers disease. Areas of the brain attacked by AD include the Hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, the corpus callosum, and the thalamus. Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease Mild According to the national institute of aging Alzheimers disease progresses in several stages: preclinical, mild (sometimes called early-stage), moderate, and severe (sometimes called late-stage). In the beginning stage of AD known as the mild stage, a person may seem to be healthy but they begin to have trouble in everyday functions. At the early stage the individual is usually still able to detect that they are having some problems. This stage usually lasts about 2-4 years. Early symptoms include memory loss, poor judgment, taking longer to complete normal daily tasks, repeating questions, trouble handling money and paying bills, wandering and getting lost, losing or misplacing things, and mood and personality changes. The disease is able to be diagnosed at this stage because the symptoms are pretty clear and usual. Moderate Gradually the symptoms begin to worsen and supervision and care of the individual become necessary. This stage can range from 2-10 years. This stage of AD symptoms includes increased memory loss and confusion, inability to learn new things, difficulty talking, reading, and writing, difficulty organizing thoughts, shortened attention span, hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, impulsive behavior, restlessness, and outbursts of anger. Severe The ending stages of AD result in death. This stage lasts about 1-3 years. Since the brain is no longer able to function properly, the individual can no longer do just about anything for themselves. The ending symptoms of AD include the inability to communicate, weight loss, seizures, skin infections, difficulty swallowing, increased sleeping, and loss of bowel and bladder control. Luckily, there are medications that aid the individual with the symptoms of AD. Therapies being utilized to treat Alzheimers Disease Currently there is no cure for AD, but there are many therapies to assist and make the lives of those living with AD more comfortable. Therapies include drug therapy to help the symptoms of AD, and quality of life care. According to the National Institute of Aging Current approaches focus on helping people maintain mental function, manage behavioral symptoms, and slow down the symptoms of disease. Although there are medications that slow down some symptoms, there are no medications that actually stop the disease. The treatment for the mild stage of AD includes a medication called cholinesterase which helps prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. The treatment for the moderate stage of AD includes a medication called Namenda which helps regulate glutamate. Anxiety and depression medications are also given to help with the symptoms. Antipsychotics are also given to help with the hallucinations and paranoia. After the medications, the best treatment for someone with AD is a safe place where they can be when they are no longer able to do anything for themselves. Research today Much research is being done these days for AD. The Alzheimers Association has tons of different research funds in finding more causes, treatments, medications, and cures for AD. Because of the major increase of cases of AD and its expectancy to double by 2050, research is only getting bigger and more funded, which will hopefully amount to a cure of this disease.

Women s Role During The Mining Industry - 1391 Words

. Due to measures that prevent women from engaging in some of the roles in the mining industry, women’s roles in gold production have become marginalized, less lucrative, and are often overlooked (Hinton et al. 2003). In the Talensi mining industry, the existence of gender-specific jobs and the perception of the men that women should perform roles the men do not want to perform contributes to women’s marginal roles and affects their inability to realize the full benefits of the industry. According to Hinton et al. (2003), women would not be able to realize the full potential of the mining industry unless their activities attracted the attention of researchers and policy makers. The mining industry parallels the social organization of the†¦show more content†¦According to Dako Gyeke and Owusu (2013), the difference in the roles of women and men begin in the household, where there is a strong emphasis on differential gender roles in the socialization processes of boys and girls. In Ghana, young boys are socialized to take up culturally defined masculine roles such as working on household farms and tending the household animals while women are socialized into the more feminine household roles such as preparation of meals and providing laundry services. Dako Gyeke and Owusu (2013) argue that knowledge about gender differences between men and women is entrenched in Ghanaian society to such an extent that it is likely the children will hold these views throughout their lives and show up in the type of work they do. Differences in agricultural roles for men and women perpetuate gender roles in households. Ghana is mostly rural, with over 70 percent of the rural population working in agriculture (Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014). Gender division of labor shows up in the differences in the crops men and women plant; access to land, labor, and technology; and marketing practices. According to Dako Gyeke and Owusu (2013), Ghanaian s ociety uses stereotypical processes such as proverbs to explain the roles of men and women and reinforce gender differences in agricultural practices. The restrictions on women’s roles adversely affect agricultural productivity and ultimately ruralShow MoreRelatedAnalysing Gender Roles in Billy Elliot1306 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Gender roles in Billy Elliot Billy Elliot, directed by Stephen Daldry, is a film taken place in England during the mining workers riot. Set against the background of the 1984 Miner s Strike, Billy Elliot is an eleven year old boy who stumbles out of the boxing ring and onto the ballet floor. He faces many trials and triumphs as he strives to conquer his family s set ways, inner conflict, and standing on his toes!. 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JOHN LENNON Essay Summary Example For Students

JOHN LENNON Essay Summary BY: UNKNOWNJohn Lennon was a great song writer and musician. He played the rhythm guitar, the piano, and sang. He was in the most popular group in the history of rock music. In 1959, John founded this group, called The Beatles. The original Beatles were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Pete Best. Brian Epstein became the manager of the Beatles in 1961. Epstein made many changes in the group. John rebelled and did not want to package and clean up the group in order to please fans. These changes were made anyway despite Johns protests. The Beatles had signed a contract with EMI records and were beginning to record with them. On August 16, 1962, Pete Best, the drummer was suddenly fired from the group. Ringo Starr was inducted into the Beatles two days after Best was fired. John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared the credit of songs written by either one of them. The credit simply read Lennon-McCartney. The two as song writers were a perfect mix. John had a quick artistic sense and he was easily excited by new challenges, he projected a sarcastic and rebellious tough-guy personality, who was actually a vulnerable romantic. While Paul projected the sweet image and who was underneath an injured, controlling, perfectionist. By 1964, The Beatles arrived at JFK Airport. They were greeted with mass hysteria. Two days later, more than 73 million people watched them perform live on the Ed Sullivan Show. Four weeks later, The Beatles held the top five music singles in America at the same time. John was influenced by many things in 1965-1966 such as psychedelia, marijuana, and Bob Dylan. Many felt that these years were the best song writing years of John Lennons life. 1966The Beatles had been touring for over four years, and they, especially John were tired of it. John wanted to spend more time with his wife, Cynthia, and his song, Julian. At one time, they had to do 32 concerts in 19 days. On their next album, Beatles For Sale, the material reflected how unhappy John and Paul were with life on the road. Songs like Im a Loser and No Reply spoke of depression and the frenzy of life in the spotlight. John once said, Its like were four freaks being wheeled out to be seen, shake our hair about, and get back into our cage afterwards.The Beatles felt that they needed to work only in the studio now. So, on August 29, 1966, The Beatles performed their last live performance ever at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California. Almost a year later, Brian Epstein, the Beatles Manager was found dead in his apartment of a suicidal overdose. This caused many problems for the group. John later admitted that The Beatles were finished when Eppy died. I knew, deep inside me, that that was it, without him, wed had it.John met a Japanese artist name Yoko Ono in 1967. In just a few weeks, the two were inseparable. This new relationship destroyed Johns marriage with Cynthia and eventually destroyed his relationship with Paul McCartney, and the other Beatles. After Johns divorce from Cynthia, John Winston Lennon changed his name to John Ono Lennon in honor of Yoko Ono. He insisted on using JOHNANDYOKO as his official signature and identity. John and Yoko were married in the year of 1969. John released his first solo single in 1969, Give Peace a Chance. He did not credit this song to Lennon-McCartney, but to The Plastic Ono Band. On April 10, 1970, Paul McCartney resigned from the Beatles. The group dissolved officially in 1971. .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 , .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .postImageUrl , .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 , .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:hover , .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:visited , .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:active { border:0!important; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:active , .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5 .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u746355dd29f1f573b1c736028dde85c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parenting - The Irrational Vocation EssayJohn Lennon and Paul McCartney became rivals after the Beatles broke up. They were at constant competition with records. John released his Signature solo album: Imagine in 1971. One song on the record, entitled How do you Sleep? includes the lines:The only thing you done was YesterdayAnd since youve gone youre just Another DayHow do you sleep?These lines were directed to Paul McCartney. John Lennon recorded seven albums during 1970-1975 which included Imagine1971 and Rock and Roll1975. John semi-retired from music in 1975-1980. He was raising his son, Sean, with wife, Yoko Ono. In 1980, John and Yoko released Double Fantasy. By November, their album was climbing to the top of the charts. On December 8, 1980, John Lennon and Yoko Ono left their Dakota apartment to go to the recording studio. A young man named Mark David Chapman approached John, wanting to get his picture taken with im. The two were photographed together. At 10:49 p.m. that night, John and Yoko were returning from the studio when Chapman stepped out of the shadows and gunned down John Ono Lennon at the age of 40. The world mourns the loss of John Lennon.

Lysistrata Essays (641 words) - Lysistrata, Women In War, Mirror

Lysistrata Annonymous Tularecito is a myth about truth. Tularicito, just a character of that myth, is the focus for this glossed over fable. Steinbeck draws on this form of genre to present the idea that we are all a part of what happens to others, based upon our nature. The image presented of Tularecito is that of a demon, an idiot savant, a boy with a gift from God, and that gift's cost. He is a freak, a dangerous misfit, an innocent who does not need the constraints of reality. Tularecito is a test. The test is one of moral caliber. It is a test of the souls of the characters who overshadaow Tularecito. Pancho is a man that is both holy and sinful. His purfunctory act of church going becomes true belief as alcohol demons induce him to halucinate a deformed boy into an outcast from hell. He looks into his mirror and sees himself, becomes shaken, reforms. From Pancho's employer, Franklin Gomez, we get a cold hard look into society. We see a mother, knowing her son is to be hated and feared, and perhaps possibly killed, cannot face killing her son with her bare hands. She leaves the killing to exposure to the elements, enying herself a look into Tularecito. Franklin adopts Pancho's demon, and Tularecito transforms into a disadvantaged who has been gifted with talent. Tularecito becomes a man at the age of six, The boy grew rapidly, but after the fifth year his brain did not grow any more, To Franklin, Tularecito is grace, and graceless. He is talented in all things of any physical strength, and well proficient in the creation of beauty, and an artist in the care for life of nature. The touch of Tularecito brings beauty, and life, and love to the world, until he becomes enraged, (should anyone endanger what came from the touch of his hand). Franklin looked into Tularecito's mirror and saw what Tularecito was. Authority views come from several directions. While one teacher sees Tularecito as a Pavlovian dog, needing to be trained, the other sees him as an idiot savant, needing only to be pushed into harmless fantasy. This leads a third view of Tularecito, one of a simple minded killer that needs to be locked up for his own good. Tularecito is viewed as less than human from the start. His name means little frog, and his physical disabilities are seen by all, causing fear. Tularecito is a noble savage. Dangerous to look at but hiding the soul of God, hf is intimidating, a creator, and dangerously tempermental. As Steinbeck weaves his tale, it is obviously full of metaphors on the basic belief of our society that everything must be forced into a plausable category, fit for inclusion into the human race. Tularecito should never have gone to school. He would have been happy living at home, simple as he was. In the end society takes Tularecito and makes him a monster. Since monsters are not allowed into human society, Tularecito goes looking for a different society that he does belong to. Unfortunately this society doen not exist. Tularecito has no control over his perceptions of reality and fantasy. He searches for a world of fantasy, and in his efforts, he creates a hole. When this hole is covered up, it confirms Tularecito's belief in fantasy. Tularecito creates another hole, and waits for his fantasy to show. Tularecito has only one flaw. He believes that what he created should not be destroyed. Whenever this happens, should it be school, work, or fantasy, Tularecito defends his creations with the only thing he can understand, violence. It is not like true, calculated violence, but very much like a motor nerve reaction. He reacts with pure emotion and pain, and eventually he kills. Steinbeck tells an interesting story with Tularecito as a mirror. In fact, all the characters in the story are mirrors. As we look at them we see how we measure against them. But Tularecito is a mirror with an infinity of sides. He is a tool for testing human beliefs, one of which is that sometimes, it is better to leave things alone than to try to force them into our mirror image of how they should exist.